Feed Manufacturing Technology Top results of your surfing Feed Manufacturing Technology Start Download Portable Document Format (PDF) and E-books (Electronic Books) Free Online Rating News 2016/2017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. The five-day long feed manufacturing course is comprehensive and will cover sections on ingredients, feed formulation, feed manufacturing, process controls and the feeding of animal feeds. Some problem solving exercises, videos and panel discussions will also.
Slide 1MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY UNIT V Machine Tools Slide 2 Manufacturing Technology Slide 3 Milling Introduction Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular surfaces by feeding the work piece against a rotating cutter containing a number of cutting edges. The usual Mill consists basically of a motor driven spindle, which mounts and revolves the milling cutter, and a reciprocating adjustable worktable, which mounts and feeds the work piece. Milling machines are basically classified as vertical or horizontal.
These machines are also classified as knee-type, ram-type, manufacturing or bed type, and planer-type. Most milling machines have self-contained electric drive motors, coolant systems, variable spindle speeds, and power-operated table feeds Slide 4 Manufacturing Technology Milling is a process of producing flat and complex shapes with the use of multi-tooth cutting tool, which is called a milling cutter and the cutting edges are called teeth. The axis of rotation of the cutting tool is perpendicular to the direction of feed, either parallel or perpendicular to the machined surface. The machine tool that traditionally performs this operation is called milling machine. Milling is an interrupted cutting operation in which the teeth of the milling cutter enter and exit the work during each revolution.
This interrupted cutting action subjects the teeth to a cycle of impact force and thermal shock on every rotation. The tool material and cutter geometry must be designed to withstand these conditions. Cutting fluids are essential for most milling operations. Slide 5 Manufacturing Technology Types of milling There are two basic types of milling Down (climb) milling, when the cutter rotation is in the same direction as the motion of the work piece being fed. Up (conventional) milling, in which the work piece is moving towards the cutter, opposing the cutter direction of rotation Slide 6 Manufacturing Technology Comparison of Up and Down Milling Down milling, the cutting force is directed into the work table, which allows thinner work parts to be machined.
Better surface finish is obtained but the stress load on the teeth is abrupt, which may damage the cutter. Up milling, the cutting force tends to lift the work piece. The work conditions for the cutter are more favorable. Because the cutter does not start to cut when it makes contact (cutting at zero cut is impossible), the surface has a natural waviness. Slide 7 Manufacturing Technology Milling Operations Milling of Flat Surfaces Peripheral Milling In peripheral milling, also called plain milling, the axis of the cutter is parallel to the surface being machined, and the operation is performed by cutting edges on the outside periphery of the cutter. The primary motion is the rotation of the cutter. The feed is imparted to the work piece.
In peripheral milling the axis of the cutter rotation is parallel to the work surface to be machined. Slide 8 Manufacturing Technology Types of Peripheral Milling Slab milling The basic form of peripheral milling in which the cutter width extends beyond the work piece on both sides Slotting Slotting, also called slot milling, in which the width of the cutter, usually called slotter, is less than the work piece width. The slotter has teeth on the periphery and over the both end faces. When only the one-side face teeth are engaged, the operations is known as the side milling, in which the cutter machines the side of the work piece Slide 9 Manufacturing Technology Straddle milling Straddle milling, which is the same as side milling where cutting takes place on both sides of the work.
In straddle milling, two slotters mounted on an arbor work together; When the slotter is very thin, the operation called slitting can be used to mill narrow slots (slits) or to cut a work part in two. The slitting cutter (slitter) is narrower than the slotter and has teeth only on the periphery. Slide 10 Manufacturing Technology Peripheral Milling Slide 11 Manufacturing Technology Peripheral Milling A B CD A. Slab milling, B. Slot milling, C. Side milling, D.
Straddle milling Slide 12 Manufacturing Technology Advantages of peripheral milling More stable holding of the cutter. There is less variation in the arbor torque Lower power requirements. Better surface finish. Slide 13 Manufacturing Technology Face milling In face milling, cutter is perpendicular to the machined surface. The cutter axis is vertical, but in the newer CNC machines it often is horizontal. In face milling, machining is performed by teeth on both the end and periphery of the face-milling cutter. Face milling is usually applied for rough machining of large surfaces.
Surface finish is worse than in peripheral milling, and feed marks are inevitable. One advantage of the face milling is the high production rate because the cutter diameter is large and as a result the material removal rate is high. Face milling with large diameter cutters requires significant machine power. In Face milling the axis of the cutter rotation is perpendicular to the work surface to be machined. Slide 14 Manufacturing Technology Face milling Slide 15 Manufacturing Technology End milling In end milling, the cutter, called end mill, has a diameter less than the work piece width. The end mill has helical cutting edges carried over onto the cylindrical cutter surface are used to produce pockets, closed or end key slots, etc. End milling operation used to cut a pocket in an aluminum work part.
Slide 16 Manufacturing Technology Milling of Complex Surfaces Milling is one of the few machining operations, which are capable of machining complex two- and three-dimensional surfaces, typical for dies, molds, cams, etc. Complex surfaces can be machined either by means of the cutter path (profile milling and surface contouring), or the cutter shape (form milling).
Form milling In form milling, the cutting edges of the peripheral cutter (called form cutter) have a special profile that is imparted to the work piece. Cutters with various profiles are available to cut different two-dimensional surfaces.
One important application of form milling is gear manufacturing Slide 17 Manufacturing Technology Types of Form Milling Profile milling In profile milling, the conventional end mill is used to cut the outside or inside periphery of a flat part. The end mill works with its peripheral teeth and is fed along a curvilinear path equidistant from the surface profile. Surface contouring The end mill, which is used in surface contouring has a hemispherical end and is called ball-end mill. The ball-end mill is fed back and forth across the work piece along a curvilinear path at close intervals to produce complex three-dimensional surfaces. Similar to profile milling, surface contouring require relatively simple cutting tool but advanced, usually computer-controlled feed control system. Slide 18 Manufacturing Technology Form Milling Slide 19 Manufacturing Technology Surface contouring Slide 20 Manufacturing Technology Milling machines The conventional milling machines provide a primary rotating motion for the cutter held in the spindle, and a linear feed motion for the work piece, which is fastened onto the worktable.
Milling machines for machining of complex shapes usually provide both a rotating primary motion and a curvilinear feed motion for the cutter in the spindle with a stationary work piece. Milling Machine Types Various machine designs are available for various milling operations. In this section we discuss only the most popular ones, classified into the following types Column-and-knee milling machines Bed type milling machines Machining centers Slide 21 Manufacturing Technology Other Classifications According to nature of purposes of use General Purpose Milling Machine Conventional milling machines, e.g Up and down milling machines Single Purpose Milling Machine Thread, cam milling machines and slitting machine Special Purpose Milling Machine Mass production machines, e.g., duplicating mills, die sinkers, thread milling etc. Slide 22 Manufacturing Technology According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table / bed Knee type small and medium duty machines the table with the job/work travels over the bed (guides) in horizontal (X) and transverse (Y) directions and the bed with the table and job on it moves vertically (Z) up and down. Bed type Usually of larger size and capacity; the vertical feed is given to the milling head instead of the knee type bed According to the orientation of the spindle Horizontal Milling Machine Horizontal spindle Feed Vertical milling machine Vertical Spindle Feed Universal milling machine Both Horizontal and Vertical spindle Feed Slide 23 Manufacturing Technology Column-and-knee milling machines The column-and-knee milling machines are the basic machine tool for milling. The name comes from the fact that this machine has two principal components, a column that supports the spindle, and a knee that supports the work table. There are two different types of column-and-knee milling machines according to position of the spindle axis Horizontal &Vertical.
Slide 24 Manufacturing Technology Bed type machines In bed type milling machines, the worktable is mounted directly on the bed that replaces the knee. This ensures greater rigidity, thus permitting heavier cutting conditions and higher productivity. This machines are designed for mass production. Single-spindle bed machines are called simplex mills and are available in either horizontal or vertical models.
Duplex mills have two spindle heads, and triplex mills add a third spindle mounted vertically over the bed to further increase machining capability. Slide 25 Manufacturing Technology Machining centers A machining center is a highly automated machine tool capable of performing multiple machining operations under CNC control. The features that make a machining center unique include the following Tool storage unit called tool magazine that can hold up to 120 different cutting tools. Automatic tool changer, which is used to exchange cutting tools between the tool magazine and machining center spindle when required. The tool changer is controlled by the CNC program.
Automatic work part positioning. Many of machining centers are equipped with a rotary worktable, which precisely position the part at some angle relative to the spindle. It permits the cutter to perform machining on four sides of the part. Slide 26 Manufacturing Technology Machining center Slide 27 Manufacturing Technology Milling Machine Specifications Horizontal Milling MachineVertical Milling Machine Slide 28 Manufacturing Technology Milling Machine Specifications Slide 29 Manufacturing Technology Milling Machine Specifications Slide 30 Manufacturing Technology Milling cutters Classification of milling cutters according to their design HSS cutters: Many cutters like end mills, slitting cutters, slab cutters, angular cutters, form cutters, etc., are made from high-speed steel (HSS). Brazed cutters: Very limited number of cutters (mainly face mills) are made with brazed carbide inserts. This design is largely replaced by mechanically attached cutters.
Mechanically attached cutters: The vast majority of cutters are in this category. Carbide inserts are either clamped or pin locked to the body of the milling cutter. Slide 31 Manufacturing Technology Milling Cutter Nomenclature Slide 32 Manufacturing Technology Milling Cutter Nomenclature The pitch refers to the angular distance between like or adjacent teeth. The pitch is determined by the number of teeth. The tooth face is the forward facing surface of the tooth that forms the cutting edge.
The cutting edge is the angle on each tooth that performs the cutting. The land is the narrow surface behind the cutting edge on each tooth.
The rake angle is the angle formed between the face of the tooth and the centerline of the cutter. The rake angle defines the cutting edge and provides a path for chips that are cut from the workpiece. The primary clearance angle is the angle of the land of each tooth measured from a line tangent to the centerline of the cutter at the cutting edge. This angle prevents each tooth from rubbing against the workpiece after it makes its cut.
Slide 33 Manufacturing Technology Milling Cutter Nomenclature This angle defines the land of each tooth and provides additional clearance for passage of cutting oil and chips. The hole diameter determines the size of the arbor necessary to mount the milling cutter.
Plain milling cutters that are more than 3/4 inch in width are usually made with spiral or helical teeth. A plain spiral-tooth milling cutter produces a better and smoother finish and requires less power to operate. A plain helical- tooth milling cutter is especially desirable when milling an uneven surface or one with holes in it.
Author by: Languange: en Publisher by: Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 31 Total Download: 641 File Size: 43,7 Mb Description: Feed industry history and information; Plant feasibility, design, and construction; Manufacturing operations; Extrusion processes; Specialty feed; Plant management; Quality assurance; Sanitation and pest management; Utilities and maintenance; Computer appplications for feed manufacturing; Energy management; Environmental management; Safety and health program management. Author by: M N Riaz Languange: en Publisher by: Elsevier Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 46 Total Download: 179 File Size: 51,5 Mb Description: Extrusion is widely used for the preparation of a variety of foodstuffs including breakfast cereals, snack food and pasta, as well as pet food and animal and aquaculture feed. Extrusion problems solved provides responses to more than 300 frequently asked questions about the process of food extrusion and the techniques and equipment involved, in a practical question-and-answer format. The book is divided into twelve chapters for ease of reference: the opening chapters concentrate on introductory queries and on different components of an extruder system, followed by two chapters that help the reader select the correct type of extruder for a product. Chapters five and six discuss the impact of factors such as protein content and particle size on the extrusion process, while the use of pre-conditioners is discussed in chapter seven.
The latter part of the book discusses specific types of extruder and die and knife assemblies, followed by a chapter on issues relating to drying extruded food products. The final chapter offers practical guidelines and rules of thumb for the most common issues relating to food and feed extrusion. Written by two leading experts in the field, Extrusion problems solved is an essential reference source and troubleshooting guide for professionals working in food, pet food and feed extrusion. It will also be a valuable training resource for students of extrusion.
Offers practical guidelines and rules of thumb for the most common food and feed extrusion problems Chapters concentrate on introductory queries, types of extruder and components of extruder systems, knife assemblies, the use of pre-conditioners and issues in drying extruded food products Provides responses to more than 300 frequently asked questions about the processes, equipment and techniques of food extrusion in a practical question-and-answer format. Author by: Gavin Burnell Languange: en Publisher by: Elsevier Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 88 Total Download: 802 File Size: 55,8 Mb Description: With wild stocks declining due to over-fishing, aquaculture will have a more significant role to play in meeting future demand for fresh fish. Developments in research continue to lead to improvements in aquaculture production systems, resulting in increased production efficiency, higher product quality for consumers and a more sustainable industry. New technologies in aquaculture reviews essential advances in these areas. Part one focuses on the genetic improvement of farmed species and control of reproduction, with chapters on genome-based technologies in aquaculture research, selective breeding and the production of single sex and sterile populations, among other topics. Parts two and three review key issues in health, diet and husbandry, such as the control of viral and parasitic diseases, diet and husbandry techniques to improve disease resistance, advances in diets for particular fish species and the impact of harmful algal bloom on shellfisheries aquaculture.
Chapters in Parts three and four then examine the design of different aquaculture production systems, including offshore technologies, tank-based recirculating systems and ponds, and key environmental issues, such as the prediction and assessment of the impact of aquaculture. Concluding chapters focus on farming new species. With its well-known editors and distinguished international team of contributors, New technologies in aquaculture is an essential purchase for professionals and researchers in the aquaculture industry. Reviews recent advances in improvements in aquaculture production Focuses on the genetic improvement and reproduction of farmed species, including genome-based technologies Discusses key health issues, including advances in disease diagnosis, vaccine development and other emerging methods to control pathogens in aquaculture.
Author by: T. Ellis Languange: en Publisher by: Elsevier Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 75 Total Download: 406 File Size: 46,8 Mb Description: Control Problems and Devices in Manufacturing Technology 1980 presents the proceedings of the 3rd IFAC/IFIP Symposium on Control Problems and Devices in Manufacturing Technology, held in Budapest, Hungary, on October 22–25, 1980. This book discusses the increasing use of robots in both machining and assembly. Organized into 49 chapters, this compilation of papers begins with an overview of the development in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. This text then explores the application of computers to the automation of manufacturing processes that have resulted in great progress. Other chapters consider the theoretical aspects and devices concerning material handling, machine control, automatic measurement, and inspection.
This book discusses as well the significant roles of numerically controlled machine-tools and robots in the manufacturing system. The final chapter deals with identification and optimal operation of cyclic mechanisms. This book is a valuable resource for control and plant engineers as well as for control system designers.